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Sina Sohrabian , Kosar Moarefvand , Hediye Shaeri , Hoori Eslami Samani , Fatemeh Javadi , Saman Rouzbeh^*

Abstract

Breast and ovarian cancers are common among women with high mortality. About 6.6% of global cancer deaths are related to breast cancer. This research a comprehensive review of breast cancer, focusing on its multifactorial etiology, including genetic predispositions, environmental influences, and lifestyle factors. A literature review was conducted using Google Scholar and PubMed, resulting in the selection of 46 articles based on methodological quality, research writing, and results. The review underscores the critical role of BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes in hereditary breast cancer, the deleterious impact of mutations on tumor suppression and DNA repair mechanisms, and the consequent elevated risk of breast cancer in women. The article also explores the association between various factors such as BMI, estrogen levels, breast density, exercise, and alcohol consumption with breast cancer risk. It examines the predictive value of DNA damage repair proteins in assessing sensitivity to neoadjuvant chemotherapy and the imperative for continued research into mitigating common side effects such as chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. The review stresses the ongoing development of targeted therapies tailored to specific breast cancer subtypes, particularly Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC), and the continuous advancements in diagnostic technologies. The findings underscore the necessity for interdisciplinary collaboration to enhance breast cancer management and the promising future of genetic screening and personalized medicine in revolutionizing cancer treatment.