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Abstract

The present study investigated the biological properties of Nymphaea rubra Roxb. ex Andrews (N. rubra) for their potential as natural active ingredients in nanoemulgel formulation. Water, ethanolic, and methanolic extracts were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC) and demonstrated antioxidant activities, including their ability to scavenge 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), and nitric oxide (NO) radicals in vitro, as well as their reducing power through ferric ion (Fe³⁺) to ferrous ion (Fe²⁺) conversion. All N. rubra extracts also demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties by reducing NO production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophages. Both flower and leaf extracts exhibited notable anti-tyrosinase activity. Cytocompatibility of the N. rubra extracts was assessed in epidermal keratinocytes (HaCaT), dermal fibroblasts (BJ), melanocytes (B16F10), and macrophages (RAW264.7) to demonstrate primary safety in cellular. Based on these biological properties, the ethanolic extracts of N. rubra flowers and leaves were selected for developing the N. rubra nanoemulgel formulation. The resulting nanoemulgel demonstrated favorable physicochemical properties following accelerated stability testing, including stability in appearance, homogeneity, pH, and viscosity, while maintaining TPC. These results suggested that N. rubra flower and leaf extracts could serve as natural active ingredients for the development of pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical products‎.

Keywords: Nymphaea rubra, Antioxidant, Anti-tyrosinase, Anti-inflammatory, Cytocompatibility, Nanoemulgel

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