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Abstract

Antibiotics have transformed modern medicine, playing a pivotal role in healthcare and saving millions of lives globally. Nevertheless, the rapid rise of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant and escalating threat, with the potential to trigger a major public health crisis. This review aims to summarize the microbial and human-driven factors contributing to AMR and highlight the implications of neglecting this challenge. Relevant literature was retrieved from international databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, using combinations of keywords such as “antimicrobial resistance,” “superbug,” “antibiotic stewardship,” “one health,” and “surveillance.” The article examines major drivers of AMR, including inappropriate antibiotic use and the proliferation of resistant bacterial strains, while also discussing strategies to counteract this threat. Proposed measures include implementation of the One Health framework, robust stewardship programs, and the integration of artificial intelligence in drug discovery. Moreover, the potential role of traditional and ethnic medicinal practices in therapeutic interventions has been explored. In summary, this review highlights the urgent need for coordinated, multifaceted action to combat AMR. Future research and innovative strategies are crucial to reducing the burden of resistance and protecting both human and animal health‎.

Keywords: Antimicrobial resistance, Antibiotics, Healthcare, Superbug, Surveillance

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