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Nedaa Fawzi Husein , Amjad Asri Al-Tarawneh , Shahed Rashad Al-Rawashdeh , Khaled Khleifat , Muhamad Al-Limoun , Ibrahim Alfarrayeh , Ahmad Eyal Awwad , Ahmad Za’al AlSarayreh , Yaseen Taha Al-Qaisi

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been shown to be able to inhibit bacterial growth while presenting a negligible threat to the development of bacterial resistance and the toxicity of conventional silver compounds to human cells. Various concentrations of R. graveolens MetOH extract, both by itself and in combination with AgNPs made by Aspergillus flavus, were tested against several clinical isolates of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the current study using disc diffusion methods and minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis were the clinical bacteria types used in this research. Utilizing LC-MS, the chemical profile of the methanol extract of R.  graveolens was investigated. AgNPs were initially identified by the development of a dark brown tint, UV-Vis spectroscopy, images of TEM, and the ATR-IR analysis. AgNPs and R.  graveolens MetOH extract demonstrated synergistic effects on all of the examined microbes. Despite having the highest sensitivity to both the AgNPs and the R. graveolens MetOH extract when used separately (with inhibition zones of 16 and 19 mm, respectively), S. aureus has the lowest IFA values (0.10-0.13) when compared to the other bacterial strains, and no synergistic activity was shown. With a 1.25-fold rise in IFA, AgNPs and the R. graveolens MetOH extract had the strongest synergistic effect against S. epidermidis. By combining nanoparticles (NPs) with antibiotics or various types of medicinal plant extract, these results could be used to create and enhance novel antibacterial therapies as cutting-edge medications‎.

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