T. Lakshmi, Thirumalaikumaran Rathinam, D. Ezhilarasan

Abstract

End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is the last stage of kidney disease, and it is life threatening and often causes fatal complications such as cardiovascular disease. ESRD is a growing public health issue with prominent increase and prevalence in developed and developing countries with high rates of morbidity and mortality. It worsens the quality of life. The life expectancy of these patients is up to 4-5 years. Interleukin-6 is a major factor responsible for the mortality in ESRD patients. Treatment cost for renal replacement therapy in ESRD patients is too high annually. Strategies are developed to overcome to minimize the medical expenditure. Novel innovative strategies were developed for ESRD include wearable kidney, nanotechnology, and regenerative medicine. This article focuses on the different advanced strategies such as transplantation of bioengineered kidney, kidney regeneration and cell replacement, wearable kidney – dialysis machine, continuous dialysis therapy at home, and micro-Chinese osmotherapy.