TY  - JOUR
T1  - Purity and chemical marker profiling of Ocimum basilicum L. across Malaysian cultivation systems for quality specification
A1  - Lai Kiam How
A1  - Nur Filzatul Hanani Hamran
A1  - Jamia Azdina Jamal
A1  - Mazlina Binti Mohd Said
JF  - Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research
JO  - J Adv Pharm Educ Res
SN  - 2249-3379
Y1  - 2026
VL  - 16
IS  - 3
DO  - 10.51847/Uohpy1uZkm
SP  - 118
EP  - 128
N2  - Ocimum basilicum L. is prioritised under the Malaysian Traditional and Complementary Medicine (T&CM) Blueprint 2018-2027 for development into high-value healthcare products. Although it has been included in the Malaysian Herbal Monograph (MHM), the absence of quality specifications that account for local agronomic variations creates a significant regulatory gap in the development of the Malaysian Herbal Pharmacopoeia (MHP). This study established comprehensive quality standards by evaluating pharmacognostic purity and validating an HPLC-UV method for 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, vicenin-2, and rosmarinic acid. By assessing the impact of hydroponics, indoor vertical farming, and soil fertigation, the research found that while all samples maintained high hygiene, the total ash content in ML-GH (17.14%) and PC-CH (15.41%) exceeded the MHM limit of 15.0%. As evidenced by the low acid-insoluble ash, this difference was not caused by contamination but by the physiological luxury consumption of minerals in nutrient-rich systems. Chemometric profiling showed that the indoor vertical farming UG-KL sample had higher levels of vicenin-2 (0.95 ± 0.02 mg/g DW) and rosmarinic acid (3.65 ± 0.06 mg/g DW), mainly driven by osmotic stress and LED spectral optimisation. In contrast, the highest concentrations of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid (0.47 ± 0.01 mg/g DW) were found in the high-altitude planted ML-GH sample, indicating a potential role in UV-B photoprotection. The results support validation of the HPLC approach as a reliable tool for routine quality monitoring and the updating of pharmacopoeia ash limits to account for hydroponic growing conditions‎.
UR  - https://japer.in/article/purity-and-chemical-marker-profiling-of-ocimum-basilicum-l-across-malaysian-cultivation-systems-for-8g9wxyyyyxmyz80
ER  -