TY  - JOUR
T1  - Prevalence of bacterial infection among narghile smokers complaining of respiratory problems in Kirkuk city, Iraq ‎
A1  - Selda Saeed Yaseen
A1  - Ali Hasan Mohamed
A1  - Sabah Muhammed Salih
A1  - Kasim Sakran Abass
JF  - Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education and Research
JO  - J Adv Pharm Educ Res
SN  - 2249-3379
Y1  - 2021
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
DO  - 10.51847/zzDESPLqra
SP  - 91
EP  - 94
N2  - Respiratory infections by different bacteria that are raised from smoking narghile and electronic cigarettes are rising steadily.  This study aims to determine the relation of smoking narghiles and electronic cigarettes with respiratory infection caused by bacterial infection among different age groups in Kirkuk city. Sputum samples were taken from 130 patients with typical signs and symptoms of respiratory infection who were narghile and electronic cigarette smokers. Bacterial isolation and identification, as well as, susceptibility test was done. Among 130 sputum samples, 79 (60.76%) gave positive bacterial growth. The dominant age group that smokes narghile and electronic cigarettes was (26-35). The results revealed that Streptococcus pyogenes was the most frequent bacteria associated with smoking narghiles and electronic cigarettes which constituted 24.05 % of bacterial isolates. followed by Streptococcus pneumonia (16.45%) Staphylococcus aureus (13.92%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (8.86%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (11.39%), Pseudomonas  aeruginosa (17.72%) and Escherichia coli (7.59%). Antibiotic susceptibility test revealed that most isolates were resistant to more than two antibiotics. Also, these isolates showed remarkable resistance to erythromycin especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa (85.7%). On the other hand, all Gram-positive isolates showed high sensitivity to vancomycin (100%), while E. coli showed resistance to vancomycin and amoxicillin (100%) and (83.3%) respectively. It is concluded that narghile and e-cigs smokers at age (15-25 years) are at risk of bacterial respiratory infection. More isolated bacteria are multi-resistant to antibiotics. It is recommended to know the catastrophic impact of smoking narghiles, electronic cigarette on the lungs and knows their association in increasing susceptibility to bacterial infection‎.
UR  - https://japer.in/article/prevalence-of-bacterial-infection-among-narghile-smokers-complaining-of-respiratory-problems-in-kirk-ivgzqjmyhu1cwrr
ER  -