Introduction  

The availability of medical care is one of the most important factors that can have a significant impact on the quality of life of the population. Different countries may use their own methods and criteria for researching to assess and control it. So, in Austria, Belgium, Germany, and Estonia, the experience of creating an institution of independent ombudsmen is used, patients have the right to control the treatment process, as well as the possibility of choosing a medical organization and a doctor, and in Belgium, the choice of an insurance organization [1]. In other countries, indicators characterizing the waiting time for medical care by patients are applied. There is a correlation of the indicator with the resource capabilities of organizations [2].

The availability of medical care in Russia (RF) is also one of the pressing problems in the healthcare sector. In accordance with Article 10 of Federal Law № 323, the availability and quality of medical care in the Russian Federation is ensured by: "organizing the provision of medical care on the principle of proximity to the place of residence, work or training; availability of the required number of medical workers and the level of their qualifications; the possibility of choosing a medical organization and a doctor; application of medical care procedures, clinical guidelines and standards; providing a guaranteed amount of medical care in accordance with the program of state guarantees; establishing requirements for the placement of organizations based on the needs of the population; transport accessibility of medical organizations; the possibility of unhindered and free transportation of the patient to the nearest medical organization in cases that threaten his life and health; equipping medical organizations; the use of telemedicine technologies "[3-5].

Based on the factors presented, the availability of medical care may change, so from 2005 to 2023, there is a decrease in the number of hospital organizations from 9.5 to 5.2 thousand, that is, by 45%. The number of hospital beds per 10,000 population also decreased from 110.9 in 2005 to 77.5 in 2023 - that is, by 30%. At the same time, the number of outpatient organizations did not change significantly over 18 years, from 21.8 thousand to 22.7 thousand (an increase of 4%), and the capacity (the number of visits per shift per 10,000 people) - from 256.0 to 304.6 (an increase of 19%). The number of doctors per 10,000 people also changed slightly from 48.6 to 51.9 (an increase of 6.8%). The incidence rate of the population in the main classes of diseases (registered diseases in patients diagnosed for the first time in their lives per 1000 people of the population) remains consistently high, 743.7 in 2005 and 822.1 in 2023 (an increase of 10.5%) [6-8].

Up-to-date statistics demonstrate the feasibility of assessing and monitoring the availability of care. In a comparative study of the situation in Russia and the countries of the European Union, as criteria, they used "coverage of the population receiving medical care through state insurance; the volume of household personal payments for health care; territorial distribution of doctors; assessment of unmet needs of the population in the field of medical care". Based on the data obtained, conclusions can be drawn about the discrepancy between the basic package of health services and the needs of the population; an increase in personal spending on health maintenance, compared to European countries; unevenness (compared to Europe) in the provision of doctors in urban and rural areas, especially highly qualified medical personnel. The problems of transport accessibility and high cost of services remain relevant for Russia [9, 10].

The uniformity of the availability of medical care is also one of the problems of the health care system of the Russian Federation. So, in a study of the regions of the European north (Murmansk region, Komi Republic, Arkhangelsk region, Nenets Autonomous Area), "a lag in the number of doctors per capita and the number of registered cases of the disease was revealed. The medical burden for the adult population is 30-50% higher than the national average, and for children it is 2-2.5 times "[11, 12]. A promising area is research, including an analysis of not only the staffing of medical personnel and the territorial (geographical) accessibility of medical institutions (quality of the roadway, average speed of cars on the roads, spatial spread of diseases and the placement of territorial health care facilities) in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation [13-15].

Evaluating patients' medical complaints is an interesting method of determining the availability of care.  Therefore, an examination of the problems of violation of the availability and quality of medical care was conducted in the Moscow region with the aid of artificial intelligence. Based on the results obtained, it can be concluded that "the statistics of public complaints about the activities of medical organizations reflect the situation with the availability of medical care. Most patient complaints are initially explained by a shortage of medical personnel and overload of medical workers "[16, 17].

In a study in the Vologda region, an integral index of the availability of medical care was tested. Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the availability of medical care/services in private medical organizations is higher than in public ones; the least subjective assessments received medical care in rural areas; the highest level of accessibility was found in small towns [18].

The results of the study in the Saratov region demonstrate a shortage of personnel in 23 medical specialties, a decrease in the availability of medical care to the population of the districts in the winter, the need to contact larger (regional) medical organizations, the geographical remoteness of the districts, the lack of funds from the population to pay for medicines, roads, as well as medical care on a paid basis [19, 20].

Based on the data from the survey of patients in the Republic of Tatarstan, it can be concluded that the most relevant criteria when assessing the availability of medical care for patients are the expectation of a specialist, the ability to get to a narrow-profile specialist, the availability of diagnostic procedures (biochemical blood test, computed and magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound), attention from medical workers [21-23].

Based on the results of the survey of patients in the Krasnodar Territory, problems were also identified that arise when it is necessary to obtain advice from specialized doctors, long waiting times for referral for laboratory diagnostic and other instrumental studies [24-26].

Studies are also conducted on the availability of medical care for certain categories of the population. For example, based on a questionnaire, barriers for patients over working age were analyzed - "problems with movement due to inconvenient location of offices, lack of the necessary specialist and the need to visit another medical organization, living in rural areas, the presence of financial problems, and low social integration, older age" [27, 28].

According to a sociological survey of the population in rural areas, a smaller proportion of respondents assess their state of health as good. Rural residents are less likely to seek medical care and turn to specialists on a paid basis. The main reasons for low availability are the lack of specialists (equipment), long queues, or the remoteness of organizations where medical care is provided free of charge. However, compared to citizens, rural dwellers are more satisfied with the work of medical organizations [29, 30].

In general, the reasons for the low availability of medical care in the Russian Federation are staff shortage in state healthcare institutions, chronic underfunding, and the lack of an established system for replenishing medical personnel, low motivation to work in the public healthcare system, and insufficient training of novice doctors [31, 32].

According to the results of a sociological survey, problems were also identified: "the lack of the right specialist in the clinic or the inability to sign up for it; inability to receive all necessary services in one place; long wait for reception of a narrow specialist after registration - more than 14 working days; difficulty getting through to the clinic to make an appointment for an examination, an appointment or to get background information; long wait for instrumental examinations (X-ray, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasound) after their appointment - more than 14 working days; incorrect behavior of health workers; the difficulty of calling a doctor at home; purchase of drugs prescribed by a doctor at his own expense; referral for paid examinations or tests before hospitalization; additional costs for paid services during the hospital stay; acquisition of consumables at its own expense "[33-35].

Also, many studies are aimed at studying the possibilities of increasing the availability of medical care, without a serious increase in the burden on the budget of the Russian Federation and its subjects. One of these options is the operation of mobile consulting and diagnostic centers based on Russian Railways trains, motor ships, and mobile medical complexes [36], as well as the active introduction of telemedicine technologies, consultations, including when organizing the provision of specialized, including high-tech medical care [37, 38].

Thus, in the Russian Federation, studies are actively conducted on the availability of medical care based on an analysis of the staffing of medical organizations, the incidence of the population, geographical factors, but the most common method remains the questionnaire of the population. Nevertheless, there is a lack of data on the assessment and dynamics of the availability of medical care in the territory of the largest and sparsely populated federal district - the Far Eastern (Far Eastern Federal District about 40% of the territory of the Russian Federation). Low population density, remoteness from the center (Asian part of the Russian Federation) and municipalities from each other, as well as the concentration of medical specialists mainly in large cities, the outflow of the population and specialists can lead to a decrease in the availability of medical services for the population. At the same time, the structure of the most common diseases of the population in the Far Eastern Federal District in 2022-2023 corresponds to the all-Russian one. Respiratory diseases, injuries, poisoning, and some other consequences of exposure to external causes, diseases of the genitourinary system, skin, and subcutaneous tissue are leading [8, 39-41]. Therefore, the purpose of our study is to analyze the dynamics of assessing the availability of medical care by patients in the Far East from 2005-2025.

Materials and Methods

The survey was conducted based on the Federal State Educational Institution of Higher Education, Far Eastern State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. In 2005, paper-based questionnaires were used. A sociological survey was conducted in 2025 using the Google form (URL https://www.google.ru/intx/ru/forms/about/). Links were sent with the consent of the respondent. The questionnaire consisted of questions to identify the characteristics of the respondent (gender, age, education, availability of benefits), assessment of the availability of medical care (time of appointment with a doctor, service, prescribed number of drugs, recipe design), the completeness of providing the treatment process in medical organizations (self-purchase of medical products).

The sample was 1,098 respondents in 2005 (n = 1,098). In 2025, 2,895 respondents were surveyed. 2,888 questionnaires (n = 2,888) were considered suitable for processing; thus, the response was 99%. With confidence probability of 95% and a share of the sign of 50%, the confidence interval in 2005 was ± 2.96%, and in 2025, ± 1.82%. In 2005, the survey was conducted in the city of Khabarovsk. In 2025, 58 regions of RF were included in the sociological survey, while more than 90% of respondents accounted for the Far Eastern Federal District. The forms were sent out with the participation of students of the FESMU.

Statistical analysis

Primary data was processed using Microsoft Excel (Microsoft Office 365 suite). When processing the questionnaires, the respondents' answers were coded using nominal and ordinal scales. Statistical data processing was carried out using the IBM SPSS 25 program. The Kendall rank correlation coefficient (Kendall Tau-b) and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were used to determine the correlation, the relationship of the distribution of responses with the year of the study. The correlation was considered statistically significant with a significance (two-sided) of less than 0.05 (p < 0.05).

Results and Discussion

Characteristics of respondents participating in the study are presented in Table 1.

Based on the data obtained, it is possible to determine the most common characteristics of respondents: female sex, up to 40 years old, with higher education, which does not have benefits. According to the results of 2025, the share of respondents with secondary education increased significantly, due to the indicator - graduated from school.

The next block of questions was devoted to the dynamics of the availability of medical care from 2005-2025. The distribution of respondents' responses is presented in Table 1. The reliability of the correlation with the study period is analyzed for state medical organizations because, in 2005, in the Russian Federation, especially in the Far Eastern Federal District (the most sparsely populated territory of the Russian Federation), a small number of private medical organizations were observed. Therefore, many respondents did not have the opportunity to assess the frequency of visits to such organizations. There is a significant correlation with the study period, Rs = 0.3, that is, in general, the average appointment time to the doctor increased. The most common response in 2005 was 1-2 days, and after 20 years, the public clinic most often appointment with a doctor in a week. The situation is somewhat leveled by the redistribution of patients to private (paid) clinics in 2025, in which, most often, there is an opportunity to receive medical care in 1-2 days.

Another trend observed over the past 20 years has been a reduction in the time of a visit to a medical organization in 2025. There was a redistribution of respondents' answers from 1-2 hours or more towards answers of 15-30 minutes, which proves a reduction in waiting time and reception at a state medical organization [42-46]. The advantage of private medical organizations is saving time for the patient. The most common responses were less than 30 minutes, which is convenient for the young working population [47-52].

The structure of the number of prescribed drugs did not change significantly over the study 20 years. Most often, the patient receives 3-5 drugs. The prescription of several drugs, in accordance with clinical recommendations (mandatory for the Russian Federation), is effective if patients are highly compliant with medical prescriptions [53-57].

According to the requirements of regulatory legal acts, the registration of a prescription when prescribing drugs is mandatory; nevertheless, in 2005, 57.9% of respondents noted the absence of a prescription. Despite the tightening of legislative requirements, regular inspections by Roszdravnadzor in 2025 were noted by 50.5% of respondents (p = 0.001). Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that the trend of the lack of a properly issued prescription in the patient remains, which is a violation [7, 58, 59].

The purchase of all medical and pharmaceutical products at the outpatient stage of therapy occurs most often by the patient at their own expense. At the same time, in case of hospitalization of the patient (day hospital or round-the-clock), the patient should receive help free of charge. Therefore, in the next block of questions, we asked patients to clarify what they independently acquired in case of hospitalization. The distribution of respondents' responses while in the day hospital is presented in Figure 1.

More than 75% of patients in 2005 purchased drugs on their own, as well as more than 25% in 2025. Syringes, diapers, and gloves are also often purchased independently. Nevertheless, over the study 20 years, there was a significant decrease in patients' self-purchase of medical and pharmaceutical products (p=0.001, 0.18<Rs<0.445). Most often, drugs were purchased, so patients indicated therapeutic classes or the names of the drugs they bought. The rating of therapeutic classes of drugs purchased for the day hospital is presented in Table 2.

The most purchased in 2005 for a day hospital was a group of antibacterial drugs (AMPs). Almost half of the respondents' answers came from her. Microcirculants, cardiovascular, and neurological drugs were also often purchased. In 2025, there was a redistribution of the share of antibiotics towards other therapeutic classes, and the acquisition of anesthetics also increased.

The antimicrobial group is also interesting due to the global problem of antibiotic resistance; therefore, the following question was devoted to the structure of their acquisition (Figure 2).

The most sought-after antibiotic was ceftriaxone. In 2025, it was the only antimicrobial drug mentioned by respondents. In 2005, the top three also included a combination of Amoxicillin + Clavulanic acid and Cefotaxime. Based on the results obtained, we can conclude that the most frequent use of 3rd generation cephalosporins and inhibitor-protected penicillins. The absence of other AMPs in respondents' responses demonstrates a reduction in their use for the day hospital.

The last block of questions was devoted to hospitalization in a round-the-clock hospital. The structure of medical and pharmaceutical goods own acquisition is shown in Figure 3.

Also, more than 70% of respondents in 2005 independently purchased drugs and syringes. More than 40% bought dressings. In 2005, self-acquisition by patients decreased significantly across all areas (p=0.001, 0.2<Rs<0.448). Based on the data obtained, it can be concluded that state funding for healthcare procurement has been expanded and material support for hospitals has been improved.

The rating of therapeutic groups of drugs that were purchased during hospitalization in a round-the-clock hospital is presented in Table 3.

Antibiotics are also in the lead in the ranking of the most purchased drugs for hospitals. A similar trend is observed - their share decreased from 47% to 12%. In 2005, microcirculants and gastroenterological, hemostasis correctors were also often purchased. And in 2025, external drugs, anesthetics, painkillers, hemostasis correctors - that is, mainly drugs, to reduce side effects from medical manipulations or drugs used.

The distribution of respondents' responses on the acquisition of AMPs in 2005 is shown in Figure 4.

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